Critical evaluation of the roles of motivation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2441 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The Report is a critical evaluation of the role of motivation in the performance of an organization. To achieve the objectives of the organization first, a thorough understanding of the various aspects of human resources (HR) and the role strategic human resource management (SHRM) has on the performance of organizations are analysed. With this background of the integration of human resources management (HRM) and the performance or success of an organization the role motivation as such plays on the performance of an organization is undertaken. The Report is based on a case study of Tescos, the leading retailer in United Kingdom (UK).Tesco and its human resources strategies particularly those dealing with motivational strategies employed therein are analysed and a critical evaluation is made. Based on this study a model for motivating employees in an organization is developed. II. Aim and Objectives The aim of the dissertation is to analyse the role of motivation in a critical evaluation of the role motivation plays in performance of organization. This is achieved by making a case study of Tescos PLC. III. Scope Possibly the best dream any businessperson can have is to create a reliable and better functioning and profit making machine with what he is having in his hands at present. If this discussion was, taking place during early part of last century one would have said it is not possible, after all the job of the worker was to do what the manager has to say, a brainless working machine. How they have an impact on the efficiency, productivity and overall profits the organisation makes. However, the restricted view on optimising workforce has on the efficiency and profitability of an organisation is a new one. The role of workforce in organisational performance has come a long way from dubious connotations of being an economic man to a complex organism, where money and success alone is not the factors that motivate workers to perform at their optimum. This optimisation of workforce, to encourage them to go that extra mile, which makes an organisation efficient and capable of emerging as a challenger in the business environment. Motivation is a word easy to understand or explain but difficult to define its nature or understand its scope. It dwells on the subjective part of human mind. What is motivating to one maybe unbearable to another? The research today has moved from economic man who was interested only on the basic needs motivated by the monetary factors that came with the job and to job satisfaction as an important factor in optimising the workforce. Job satisfaction takes on a different meaning and application from the economic man. He/she is not just interested in a job that would give him monetary benefits. They want to be satisfied with their job. Modern workplace is characterised more by teamwork and work culture, and a sense of belonging staff has towards their workplace. IV. Methodology The m ethodology for the research is based on the aims and objectives of the Report. The Report is a critical evaluation of the role motivation plays inhuman resource managementof an organisation. To the aim and objectives of the Report a comprehensive and detailed review of the available literature available on the subject matter or the research is done. There are two types of data collection methods, primary data collection and secondary data collection. The present study is confined to the latter form of data collection. Secondary data collection which involves study and distillation of information from sources that are secondary is adopted here. The prospective sources of secondary research are: Journal Articles Textbooks and publications Newspapers Electronic media Electronic libraries Internet V. Literature Review 1. Introduction There has been a phenomenal increase in the importance and acknowledgment of motivation and its impact on the performance of organizations in mainstream literature. In modern business environment, competitions seen as a dynamic factor shaped and reshaped by varying facets of globalization (Porter, 1998). Versatility and flexibility are vital factors that have an immediate influence on the performance of organizations. The reasons for the increasing demand for flexibility and innovations are to meet the challenges and improve the sustained competitiveness of organizations. The competitions met by working smarter and innovating faster than the competitions (Levy and Powell, 2005). Motivation is an important aspect of modern business culture. 2. Human Resources, Performance and Motivation Organizations consist of individuals working to achieve a common end, generally profits (Bratton and Gold, 2007).Human resources play an important role in organizational success and profits. According to Huselid (1995), HRM policies and employee management are important factors that contribute to the success and co mpetitiveness of organizations. Modern managements advocate the necessity of integrating the vision and goals of organizations with its HRM policies. Schuler and Jackson, (1999) states that the performance of an organization is directly linked to the organizations HRM policies. However, not all HRM think tanks give such a clean chit to link between HRM and performance (Wright et al, 2005; Katou and Budhwar, 2006). They believe that the success or increased performance of organizations is possible by the influence the HRM practices has on the human factor involved in an organization. Moreover, the influences of human resources on performance of organizations are scarce. It belongs to the realm of intangibles and as such is measurable through, satisfaction of customers, employees, et cetera (Cho et al, 2006). The ingredients that create performance or even competitive advantage according to Cheng and Brown (1998) are * Recruitment and Selection * Training and Development * Motivation * Retention Thus to achieve the desired effect of better performance or even that of competitiveness of organizations it is imperative that the employees who bring about this flexibility to the organizations are motivated to work at their optimum. 3. Performance In modern business world, big or small, organizations have to be competitive and perform better than their rivals to survive and prosper. This is first achieved by having the right people for the right jobs. However, the quest for competitiveness and increased performance do not end there, for sustained competitiveness the performance of the organization had to be continuous and superior to its rivals. This is achieved by motivating the employees of the organization. By motivating the employees, the management can provide for better quality and quantity. The performance of the organization is improved through increased productivity among the employees. The model proposed by Frederick Taylor, of time and motion, to improve the performance of the employees were felt to be insufficient to keep the morale and motivation of the employees. The link between motivation and performance is that satisfied employees perform better leading to increased productivity. However, increased productivity is one of the facets of the notion of the link between performance and motivation. Highly motivated employees not only give better productivity but also the quality of the end products also is positively affected through motivation. The speed, efficiency and consistency of the end products of the organization are improved. This leads to better performance and competitiveness of the organization (Barney, 1991). 4. Motivation The word motivation is derived from the Latin root move meaning to move (Steers and Porter, 1991). In the post-industrialised world, motivation began to attract researchers (Steers, Mowday and Shapiro, 2004). However, it was only in the second part of the 20th centur y motivation began a full study and various models for motivation were developed. According to Laming (2004), motivation is the start some pattern of behaviour with the innate or experienced action specified within the individual. People and all other animal species has equipped with some patterns of behaviour. Given an appropriate stimulus, the corresponding patterns should be triggered. This kind of trigger stimulus releases an internal source of energy, somewhat like switching on a radio set. Motivation thus deals with what humans want with work? Is it the pay? On the other hand, does it involve any desire on the part to the employee to be a part of the organization and the station that he works in? In addition, what makes human beings to work for the organization to the utmost capacity of their talent and capabilities? These questions have been around for some time. Before the post-industrialization and mass production, the question belonged to the realm of philos ophy. Whereas with the advent of industrialization, mass production and increased competition the subject of motivation and how to motivate the employees to perform better for the organization has taken a scientific turn. 4.1 Theories of Motivation In this section we analyse some of the important and select theories of motivation that have made a profound impact on the understandings of employee motivation in modern times. Maslows Theory of Needs The Maslows theory of needs (Maslow, 1999; Steers and Porter, 1991) gives the framework for developing motivational guidelines for organizations. The theory deals with the differing needs of human beings are arranging them hierarchically, satisfaction of one need leading to others. Maslow (1991) describes human needs in five categories as shown in the figure below. Figure: 1 Maslows Theory of Needs Source: Maslow (1999) According to the theory developed by Maslow, the first needs those human beings drives are physiologi cal and safety which take in aspects such as health and safety and wages. The needs of love esteem and self-actualization takes on aspects such as ego, job security and esteem (Steers and Porter, 1991). The importance of the Maslow theory is the recognition of inherent desire in human beings to attain self-actualization. This state of self-actualization manifests after the physiological and other lower needs of human beings are satisfied. However, Maslows theory was attacked by other behaviourists, who pointed out that Maslows hierarchy was often given a go by employees; especially forsaking the lower, physiological needs for needs such as esteem and self-actualization (Hawkins, Best and Coney, 2001). Further, it was alleged that Maslow gives a one dimensional explanation and may not be suited for employees from cultures different to those studied by Maslow (Solomon, 2002). 4.2 ERG Theory The term ERG is an acronym, which stands for Existence, Relatedness and Growth, respec tively (Alderfer, 1972). The point of difference between the Maslows theory of hierarchy and the ERG is that, though ERG accepts the needs explained by Maslow but do not accept the hierarchical devolution of needs. According to the theory the needs and existing simultaneously (Muchinsky, 2003). Hertzbergs Motivation-Hygiene Theory:- Hertzberg employs the motivational factors playing on the minds of the employees as external and internal, and Hertzberg calls them motivators and hygiene. This theory advocates that both the internal and external influences play an equal and important role in shaping the motivation factor of employees. VI. Analysis and Interpretation:- Tesco PLC Ltd: Company Background Tesco started its journey from a grocery stall in 1919 by Jack Cohen. From these meagre beginnings Tesco is the number one retailer in UK and has its presence in North America, Asia and Central Europe. Tesco now has 2200 stores and employees over 280,000 people (ww.tescoplc .com). Tesco communicates with these thousands of customers through its employees. The success of Tesco is largely based on the effective handling of its employees and keeping them motivated to go further to achieve better quality service and value for the customer. Tesco and Employee Motivation:- Tesco being in the service sector the impact of having a dedicated and motivated crew is vital to its performance and market leader status. In achieving the performance objectives of its employees Tesco inculcates several motivational procedures. The motivational objectives of Tescos can be stated as derived from Career Development + Monetary Benefits + Experience = Motivated Employees Here we analyse the different aspects of the motivational theories are tries to put it in context with the procedures and practices at Tescos. Salary/Monetary Benefits/Physiological Needs:- The physiological needs of employees are satisfied by the monetary benefits the employee will receive . This aspect of Tesco is adequately represented. The employees are paid above the minimum wages and through categorising the employees the Tesco do maintain the need for monetary benefits as compared to its rivals. Salaries are also the most important constituent of Taylors motivational theories. Safety Needs:- The next step in the factors recognised as playing a role is that of addressing the safety concerns of employees. The jobs at Tesco are governed by the various employment laws and such they are provided to give the employee security and safety. Social Needs:- Tesco tries to cater to the social needs of its employees by bringing about a cohesiveness and unity into the social aspects of its employees. It regularly conducts culture events et cetera to make the employees feel the spirit of a group. Challenging Work Challenging work is regarded as an important aspect of motivation. Maslow as well as Hertzberg gives it prominent place. As far as Tesco is conce rned it is doubtful whether the organization could be able to provide challenging work to all of its employees. Maybe to the upper echelons of management there may be works and projects, such as breaking into new terrain, or achieving a particular target. Whereas for the employees in the lower rung, this can only be achieved in limited versions. Tescos largely influence the motivational aspirations of its employee through challenging work by giving them targets to achieve, which may be followed by monetary or non-monetary benefits (ww.tescoplc.com) Career and Development Opportunities Tesco has a well developed career plan. It has provisions for graduates to highly skilled employees. The career development opportunities at Tesco is undertaken by providing the employees with opportunities to develop themselves and move along the progressive scale through programmes such as Apprentices in Retail and Trainee Management Programme (https://www.tescoplc.com). Appraisal Apprais al is an important mechanism through which the performance of individual employees can be assessed and provide motivation for them to work motivated. The appraisal systems used by Tescos are * Self-appraisal * Peer appraisal * 360 degree review The employee of Tesco is appraised by employees themselves, by their peers and through 360 degree evaluation. The 360 degree review is an appraisal system of the employee through all the people who comes into contact them him/her. VII. Conclusion Performance of organizations is positively impacted by motivated employees. The attitude of the employees towards the organization and identifying with its aims and objectives are highly stimulated by having motivated employees in an organization. Motivated employees work harder and smarter than employees who are not motivated. The quality and quantity of the products of the organization is improved. Thus the organization is able to cater to customers with products that are of bette r quality and quantity than those of its rivals. By having the same products of better quality and quantity than of its rivals at a cheaper cost allows the organizations to have a better advantage over its rivals. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Critical evaluation of the roles of motivation" essay for you Create order

The Most Famous Pieces Of Music - 1100 Words

Austria Research Paper Introduction Austria is a very beautiful place with kind people and a very good history in music. It is often known as the music capital because of the musical geniuses who have worked there, including Beethoven, Mozart and Strauss(biography). Some of the most famous pieces of music were written in Austria including Silent Night and Edelweiss. Austria is located in Europe and its capital is Vienna(Austria). Austria has one of the most stable economies in Europe. Austria has unique qualities such as its geography, history, culture, economy, and its current events. Geography, Climate, and Location The climate, geography, and location in Austria is unique. In the East, there are hot summers and moderately cold†¦show more content†¦She was an archduchess, and a Holy Roman Empress. Joseph II was another important leader. He was also a Holy Roman Emperor who tried to strengthen the Habsburg empire with his enlightened reforms, but his people opposed his changes very fiercely(biography). Austria had multiple big wars, but one of the wars they fought in was the war of the Austrian succession. It began on August 16, 1740. Frederick II of Prussia invaded Silesia, one of Habsburg’s richest provinces. His armies defeated the Austrians at Mollwitz in April 1441 and overran Silesia. This proved what the other European countries believed, that Silesia could not defend themselves. This ensured that the war would become general. Within a month, France had constructed an alliance with Bavaria and Spain and, later, with Saxony and Prussia agains t Austria. Maria Theresa derived her main support from Britain fearing that if France took Hegemony in Europe, the British colonial and commercial empire would be insupportable(britannica). Austria declared independence by concluding the Austrian State Treaty with the Four Occupying Powers. Culture Austria have a very kind culture. They have nice holidays, they have a functioning government, and they have good food. Some major holidays in Austria are Three Kings day, Easter, All Saints Day, St. Nicholas day, and Christmas. Three King’s day is a celebration that most Christians celebrate, but only a

Ancient Rome and Romans Free Essays

Rome vs. Greece Which of the city-states do you think was the better civilization? There are many difference and similarities between these city-states. Both are the most honorable ancient cultures in Western culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Ancient Rome and Romans or any similar topic only for you Order Now Greece and Rome had fought many battles, but those battles only made them stronger. Both had their own ways of life and political views as a civilization, and these ways varied incomparably. While Greece had many artistic achievements, Rome focused on creating and improving a unified empire. Therefore, both have different ways of making their civilization remembered by the people of today. The first difference in Roman and Greek civilization is their geographical features. Rome had a better chance to unify its people because of its location. Rome is located at the center of the Italian peninsula. It was easier for Rome to keep control of its neighboring areas. Rome gained control over the areas surrounding the Italian peninsula by conquest and by providing Roman citizenship for the conquered people. The residents of the Italian peninsula classified themselves as Romans during the Punic Wars, and then it led to the creation of the unified Roman Empire. On the other hand, Greece’s mountainous terrain separated several Greek city-states from one another. The expansion of the Greek civilization all over the Mediterranean basin was just an increase of detached Greek city-states. The detachment of the Greek city-states prevented Greece from creating its own empire. The Athenians’ plan of creating an empire by the domination of the Delian League backfired, by leading to the Peloponnesian Wars. The Romans adopted many characteristics of the Greeks to its culture. However, there are still many differences between their cultures. The Romans translated the names of the great gods of the Greeks into its language, so it will be more Roman-like. For example, the Roman name of the Greek god Poseidon is Neptune. The Romans’ religion is more solemn than the Greeks. The Romans believed that good or bad luck came from the gods, depending on what the gods were feeling. If they were happy it means good, however, if they were unhappy then bad luck would come to the Romans. The Romans worshipped Jupiter Optimus Maximus. They got the idea of wearing togas from the Greeks too. During the Roman Republic, the citizens started wearing togas. Another difference is the Romans’ art. Their artworks are more realistic than the Greeks. The Romans’ human sculptures look like real people. They used marbles to sculpt public officials’ portraits. Their arts are usually use for political propaganda. The Romans treated women way better than the Greeks. Women had a little freedom during the Roman Republic. They could leave the house, go shopping or visit a temple, and talk to their neighbors without the need of their husbands’ permission. As time went on during the Roman Empire, the women were allowed to own property, run business, inherit wills, and more. However, the Greeks are very different from the Romans. In Greek mythology; there are 12 main gods. Some of the gods that belong to the 12 Olympians are Zeus, Poseidon, and Hera. In Greek mythology there are a lot of monsters. Minotaurs, centaurs, and chimera (a hybrid animal) are significant Greek monsters. There are two types of hybrid monsters, a hybrid of animals and a hybrid of people. Greek arts are idealistic, whereas the Romans are realistic. Greek arts are usually about the exploration of nature and philosophy. They portray the human bodies. They are perfectionists. Their architectural buildings are measured mathematically. Examples of the architectural building that used mathematical methods are the Parthenon and the Temple of Hera. Women in Greece, excluding Sparta, had no rights. They were treated as their husbands’ property Their husbands need to be aware of where they are and what they are doing. In order for the women to go out or talk to their visitors, they need their husbands’ consent. This treatment of women did not change as time went on. Other differences between the Greeks and the Romans are their advancements in science and technology. Romans were great engineers and builders. They built many bridges, roads, and other structures. Their engineering is influenced by the Etruscans. To maintain their bridges solid and long-lasting, they used Etruscans’ keystone arch. It was hard for them to keep their bridges stable, so they focused on improving the creation of cement. They use pozzolana concrete for the bridges’ piers, so the sand that is brought by the river currents will not ruin the base of the bridges. They were the first people who used concrete for building structures. Roads built by the Romans also helped them to unify their empire. All of the roads that they built lead to Rome. The creation of the aqueducts was one of the best inventions of the Romans. The aqueducts carry and distribute the water throughout the city of Rome. Aside from Roman technologies, the Romans also had advancements in science. Galen, who wrote a medical textbook during the Roman Empire, was the fist in identifying many symptoms and treatments for an illness. His books were used as a guide in medicine for at least a thousand year. On the other hand, some of Greece’s invention those were reinvented until the 20th century includes analog computers, vending machines, and showers. The analog computer was invented in 150 B. C. , but it was only use as a calculator, calendar, and as a GPS for navigation. The vending machine was used for holy water refill by inserting a coin. In 400 B. C. , the Greeks invented indoor showers. It was used in the gymnasium at Pergamum for female and male athletes to use. The Greeks also have science advancements. Aristotle, a Greek philosopher, opened The Lyceum. The Lyceum is a school where he observed how things come to live. He came up a procedure for debating according to rules of logic. The scientific method we use today is based on Aristotle’s works and discoveries. Another person that contributed in Greek’s science is Hippocrates. Hippocrates is a Greek physician. He also described disease symptoms like Galen of Rome. He examined the human body to find out more about the illness the body consist. Hippocrates is well-known as â€Å"the father of modern medicine. † He also built a medical school on the island of Cos, Greece, where he was born. After his books about his medical teachings were published for Alexandria library, the people stopped believing that diseases and illnesses came from the gods as punishments; they learned that illness had a physical and rational explanation. His Hippocratic Oath had a great influence on the doctors today; they promise to be honest, to preserve life, and to keep information about their patients private. When choosing a civilization, it is hard because all of the civilizations does not have everything you want especially during this time period. The Romans and the Greeks are both great civilizations that have been growing over time. Both civilizations have success and failures of their own. The Romans had their outstanding legionary armies that helped them conquer many lands and put their civilizations to its height, but they also had a downfall when the generals decided to be greedy and fought each other for the thrown. Greece was also successful during the Athenian democracy because it brought many male citizens together, and they fought to protect their government. However, the opposing city-sate, which is Sparta, agreed changing their government to traditional dictatorship. Then it led to battle, but Athenians couldn’t defeat the Spartans, so it led to the fall of the Greek democracy. On the bright side, both civilizations found ways to resolve their problems. Rome and Greece are well-known because of their great achievements, and both are great influence on the lives of the people today. Standard: 9SS3: Students examine the antecedents, origins, development and achievements of the classical civilizations of Greece and Rome from 2000 B. C. E. to 500 C. E. 9Ec. 5: Compare works that express a universal theme and provide evidence to support the views expressed in each work. 9E2a. 5: Use writing to formulate clear research questions and to compile information from primary and secondary print or Internet sources. 9E2a. 6: Develop the main ideas within the body of the composition through supporting evidence, commonly held beliefs, hypotheses, and definitions. How to cite Ancient Rome and Romans, Papers

Generic Strategy and Intensive Growth †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Generic Strategy and Intensive Growth. Answer: Introduction: The excellence of the car manufacturer Toyota starts from its lean manufacturing process to the other business strategies including competitive strategy or growth strategy have always been important in the field of business management. Toyota has managed to rank as the best car manufacturer in terms of overall productivity, highest profit margin as well as the best application of innovative models in the business (Thompson 2015). The brand is well accepted all over the globe due to its reliability, quality and long term durability. Toyota has managed to occupy the market of USA, UK and Asia even in the presence of other tough competitors like Ford or GM Motors. Toyota has been found to apply different business strategies in its business activities. For instance, the organisation uses generic strategy and the intensive growth strategy as a continuous process in the business activity. The generic strategy includes the combination of the cost leadership and broad product differentiation strategy (Wesswling et al. 2015). In terms of product differentiation, the car manufacturer has manufactured sedans, SUVs and even small cars that are easily affordable. Thus, the company has different types of cars to offer to the different groups of consumers. The company has adopted the cost leadership, thereby reducing the price of the cars in order to increase the demand of the cars in the market. The method adopted for this strategy is known as just-in-time manufacturing method that in turn reduces the time and expenditure that is required for the manufacturing of the cars (Jayaram et al. 2014). This way, they can offer their cars at a lower price and can gain the advantage by the means of pricing strategy. On the other hand, the differentiation strategy has to ensure the global competitiveness for the organisation. In order to carry out this particular business objective, Toyota has adopted the innovation techniques in order to address the business strategies (Thompson 2015). This has automatically leaded to the creation of an attractive market segment for the company. In terms of intensive growth strategy, the car manufacturer has always intended to expand its business in the prospected regions where there is attractive target group of consumers. For example, Toyota has captured the market of UK and Asia and became one of the leading car companies in these countries. In order to undertake expansion strategy, the company has undertaken the approaches of market penetration, product development and market development as well (Zamberi 2014). The only aim of the organisation is to create a global presence that would be supportive and intensive towards the growth of the organisation and to create a global presence as well. Innovations in the manufacturing and designing of the cars have helped the company to get more recognition in the market and to beat the tough competition in the market where it operates (Wesswling et al. 2015). Thus, Toyota is an apt example that has undertaken new and innovative business strategies that has gave it the global succes s. Organisation 2: Samsung Capturing the global smart phone market even in the presence of smart phone giants like Apple and Nokia (Now Microsoft) has proved the business strategy and the ability of Samsung as a successful product in the competitive market. The Galaxy range of mobile phones has given the most need opportunity that the company wanted to become successful in the area of its business (Bharadwaj et al. 2013). The company has thoroughly adopted the business and the competitive strategy in order to grab a good market share in the region where it operates. Like Toyota, Samsung has also successfully captured a good market in the market of USA and Asia. A number of corporate business strategies of Samsung can be mentioned here that has helped the Korean company to go global and grab the market in spite of the presence of huge competitors in the market. The first important strategy adopted by the mobile phone manufacturer is the pricing strategy. In comparison to the premium pricing strategy of Apple, Samsung has always come up with competitive pricing strategy in order to increase the demand of the product in the market (Park and Lee 2015). The idea of the company was to expand its business as much as possible and to increase the market share. The company has also adopted better strategies in its supply chain activities and has built up manufacturing hub in the countries where skilled and cheap labourers are easily available. Even during the phase of recession, the company had adopted the expansion strategy and proved to be one of the market capturer in that time (Song and Lee 2014). There was a logical growth in the business that h as helped the company to reach the next level of growth. With the increase in the market share, the company also adopted the strategy of diversification of the product. The mobile phone manufacturer diversified its business into other areas like manufacturing of television, computers and other electronic appliances. There is no doubt on the innovative techniques adopted by the organisation in the manufacturing of its products (Motohashi 2015). The mission of the company is to build the world a smarter planet. In fact, the innovation strategy is not only limited to the manufacturing of the product but it is equally applicable to the other dimensions of the business like leadership strategy or the organisation culture and structure. The organisation has given the opportunities to the workers of the company to come up with innovative ideas in order to increase the impact of the streaming of the products (Song and Lee 2014). The company has used the increasing impact of technology and removed all the barriers in terms of using the software and other technological processes required for the success of a company. In order to achieve the competitive advantage in the market, the company has also spent huge amount of money in the research and development in order to understand the need of the market (Park and Lee 2015). Apart from this, the company also excels in the marketing strategy as well and adopted different marketing strategies in different markets. References: Bharadwaj, A., El Sawy, O.A., Pavlou, P.A. and Venkatraman, N.V., 2013. Digital business strategy: toward a next generation of insights. Jayaram, J., Choon Tan, K. and Laosirihongthong, T., 2014. The contingency role of business strategy on the relationship between operations practices and performance.Benchmarking: An International Journal,21(5), pp.690-712. Motohashi, K., 2015.Global business strategy: Multinational corporations venturing into emerging Markets. Springer Science+ Business Media. Park, C. and Lee, H., 2015. Value Co-Creation ProcessesEarly Stages of Value Chains Involving High-Tech Business Markets: SamsungQualcomm Semiconductor Foundry Businesses.Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing,22(3), pp.229-252. Song, H.K. and Lee, G., 2014. The Choice that Samsung Electronics Made in the Monetary Crisis of 1997. In Management of Enterprise Crises in Japan(pp. 49-63). Thompson, A., 2015. Toyotas generic strategy and intensive growth strategies.Retrieved April,27, p.2016. Wesseling, J.H., Niesten, E.M.M.I., Faber, J. and Hekkert, M.P., 2015. Business strategies of incumbents in the market for electric vehicles: Opportunities and incentives for sustainable innovation.Business Strategy and the Environment,24(6), pp.518-531. Zamberi Ahmad, S., 2014. Small and medium enterprises internationalisation and business strategy: some evidence from firms located in an emerging market.Journal of Asia Business Studies,8(2), pp.168-186.