Critical evaluation of the roles of motivation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2441 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The Report is a critical evaluation of the role of motivation in the performance of an organization. To achieve the objectives of the organization first, a thorough understanding of the various aspects of human resources (HR) and the role strategic human resource management (SHRM) has on the performance of organizations are analysed. With this background of the integration of human resources management (HRM) and the performance or success of an organization the role motivation as such plays on the performance of an organization is undertaken. The Report is based on a case study of Tescos, the leading retailer in United Kingdom (UK).Tesco and its human resources strategies particularly those dealing with motivational strategies employed therein are analysed and a critical evaluation is made. Based on this study a model for motivating employees in an organization is developed. II. Aim and Objectives The aim of the dissertation is to analyse the role of motivation in a critical evaluation of the role motivation plays in performance of organization. This is achieved by making a case study of Tescos PLC. III. Scope Possibly the best dream any businessperson can have is to create a reliable and better functioning and profit making machine with what he is having in his hands at present. If this discussion was, taking place during early part of last century one would have said it is not possible, after all the job of the worker was to do what the manager has to say, a brainless working machine. How they have an impact on the efficiency, productivity and overall profits the organisation makes. However, the restricted view on optimising workforce has on the efficiency and profitability of an organisation is a new one. The role of workforce in organisational performance has come a long way from dubious connotations of being an economic man to a complex organism, where money and success alone is not the factors that motivate workers to perform at their optimum. This optimisation of workforce, to encourage them to go that extra mile, which makes an organisation efficient and capable of emerging as a challenger in the business environment. Motivation is a word easy to understand or explain but difficult to define its nature or understand its scope. It dwells on the subjective part of human mind. What is motivating to one maybe unbearable to another? The research today has moved from economic man who was interested only on the basic needs motivated by the monetary factors that came with the job and to job satisfaction as an important factor in optimising the workforce. Job satisfaction takes on a different meaning and application from the economic man. He/she is not just interested in a job that would give him monetary benefits. They want to be satisfied with their job. Modern workplace is characterised more by teamwork and work culture, and a sense of belonging staff has towards their workplace. IV. Methodology The m ethodology for the research is based on the aims and objectives of the Report. The Report is a critical evaluation of the role motivation plays inhuman resource managementof an organisation. To the aim and objectives of the Report a comprehensive and detailed review of the available literature available on the subject matter or the research is done. There are two types of data collection methods, primary data collection and secondary data collection. The present study is confined to the latter form of data collection. Secondary data collection which involves study and distillation of information from sources that are secondary is adopted here. The prospective sources of secondary research are: Journal Articles Textbooks and publications Newspapers Electronic media Electronic libraries Internet V. Literature Review 1. Introduction There has been a phenomenal increase in the importance and acknowledgment of motivation and its impact on the performance of organizations in mainstream literature. In modern business environment, competitions seen as a dynamic factor shaped and reshaped by varying facets of globalization (Porter, 1998). Versatility and flexibility are vital factors that have an immediate influence on the performance of organizations. The reasons for the increasing demand for flexibility and innovations are to meet the challenges and improve the sustained competitiveness of organizations. The competitions met by working smarter and innovating faster than the competitions (Levy and Powell, 2005). Motivation is an important aspect of modern business culture. 2. Human Resources, Performance and Motivation Organizations consist of individuals working to achieve a common end, generally profits (Bratton and Gold, 2007).Human resources play an important role in organizational success and profits. According to Huselid (1995), HRM policies and employee management are important factors that contribute to the success and co mpetitiveness of organizations. Modern managements advocate the necessity of integrating the vision and goals of organizations with its HRM policies. Schuler and Jackson, (1999) states that the performance of an organization is directly linked to the organizations HRM policies. However, not all HRM think tanks give such a clean chit to link between HRM and performance (Wright et al, 2005; Katou and Budhwar, 2006). They believe that the success or increased performance of organizations is possible by the influence the HRM practices has on the human factor involved in an organization. Moreover, the influences of human resources on performance of organizations are scarce. It belongs to the realm of intangibles and as such is measurable through, satisfaction of customers, employees, et cetera (Cho et al, 2006). The ingredients that create performance or even competitive advantage according to Cheng and Brown (1998) are * Recruitment and Selection * Training and Development * Motivation * Retention Thus to achieve the desired effect of better performance or even that of competitiveness of organizations it is imperative that the employees who bring about this flexibility to the organizations are motivated to work at their optimum. 3. Performance In modern business world, big or small, organizations have to be competitive and perform better than their rivals to survive and prosper. This is first achieved by having the right people for the right jobs. However, the quest for competitiveness and increased performance do not end there, for sustained competitiveness the performance of the organization had to be continuous and superior to its rivals. This is achieved by motivating the employees of the organization. By motivating the employees, the management can provide for better quality and quantity. The performance of the organization is improved through increased productivity among the employees. The model proposed by Frederick Taylor, of time and motion, to improve the performance of the employees were felt to be insufficient to keep the morale and motivation of the employees. The link between motivation and performance is that satisfied employees perform better leading to increased productivity. However, increased productivity is one of the facets of the notion of the link between performance and motivation. Highly motivated employees not only give better productivity but also the quality of the end products also is positively affected through motivation. The speed, efficiency and consistency of the end products of the organization are improved. This leads to better performance and competitiveness of the organization (Barney, 1991). 4. Motivation The word motivation is derived from the Latin root move meaning to move (Steers and Porter, 1991). In the post-industrialised world, motivation began to attract researchers (Steers, Mowday and Shapiro, 2004). However, it was only in the second part of the 20th centur y motivation began a full study and various models for motivation were developed. According to Laming (2004), motivation is the start some pattern of behaviour with the innate or experienced action specified within the individual. People and all other animal species has equipped with some patterns of behaviour. Given an appropriate stimulus, the corresponding patterns should be triggered. This kind of trigger stimulus releases an internal source of energy, somewhat like switching on a radio set. Motivation thus deals with what humans want with work? Is it the pay? On the other hand, does it involve any desire on the part to the employee to be a part of the organization and the station that he works in? In addition, what makes human beings to work for the organization to the utmost capacity of their talent and capabilities? These questions have been around for some time. Before the post-industrialization and mass production, the question belonged to the realm of philos ophy. Whereas with the advent of industrialization, mass production and increased competition the subject of motivation and how to motivate the employees to perform better for the organization has taken a scientific turn. 4.1 Theories of Motivation In this section we analyse some of the important and select theories of motivation that have made a profound impact on the understandings of employee motivation in modern times. Maslows Theory of Needs The Maslows theory of needs (Maslow, 1999; Steers and Porter, 1991) gives the framework for developing motivational guidelines for organizations. The theory deals with the differing needs of human beings are arranging them hierarchically, satisfaction of one need leading to others. Maslow (1991) describes human needs in five categories as shown in the figure below. Figure: 1 Maslows Theory of Needs Source: Maslow (1999) According to the theory developed by Maslow, the first needs those human beings drives are physiologi cal and safety which take in aspects such as health and safety and wages. The needs of love esteem and self-actualization takes on aspects such as ego, job security and esteem (Steers and Porter, 1991). The importance of the Maslow theory is the recognition of inherent desire in human beings to attain self-actualization. This state of self-actualization manifests after the physiological and other lower needs of human beings are satisfied. However, Maslows theory was attacked by other behaviourists, who pointed out that Maslows hierarchy was often given a go by employees; especially forsaking the lower, physiological needs for needs such as esteem and self-actualization (Hawkins, Best and Coney, 2001). Further, it was alleged that Maslow gives a one dimensional explanation and may not be suited for employees from cultures different to those studied by Maslow (Solomon, 2002). 4.2 ERG Theory The term ERG is an acronym, which stands for Existence, Relatedness and Growth, respec tively (Alderfer, 1972). The point of difference between the Maslows theory of hierarchy and the ERG is that, though ERG accepts the needs explained by Maslow but do not accept the hierarchical devolution of needs. According to the theory the needs and existing simultaneously (Muchinsky, 2003). Hertzbergs Motivation-Hygiene Theory:- Hertzberg employs the motivational factors playing on the minds of the employees as external and internal, and Hertzberg calls them motivators and hygiene. This theory advocates that both the internal and external influences play an equal and important role in shaping the motivation factor of employees. VI. Analysis and Interpretation:- Tesco PLC Ltd: Company Background Tesco started its journey from a grocery stall in 1919 by Jack Cohen. From these meagre beginnings Tesco is the number one retailer in UK and has its presence in North America, Asia and Central Europe. Tesco now has 2200 stores and employees over 280,000 people (ww.tescoplc .com). Tesco communicates with these thousands of customers through its employees. The success of Tesco is largely based on the effective handling of its employees and keeping them motivated to go further to achieve better quality service and value for the customer. Tesco and Employee Motivation:- Tesco being in the service sector the impact of having a dedicated and motivated crew is vital to its performance and market leader status. In achieving the performance objectives of its employees Tesco inculcates several motivational procedures. The motivational objectives of Tescos can be stated as derived from Career Development + Monetary Benefits + Experience = Motivated Employees Here we analyse the different aspects of the motivational theories are tries to put it in context with the procedures and practices at Tescos. Salary/Monetary Benefits/Physiological Needs:- The physiological needs of employees are satisfied by the monetary benefits the employee will receive . This aspect of Tesco is adequately represented. The employees are paid above the minimum wages and through categorising the employees the Tesco do maintain the need for monetary benefits as compared to its rivals. Salaries are also the most important constituent of Taylors motivational theories. Safety Needs:- The next step in the factors recognised as playing a role is that of addressing the safety concerns of employees. The jobs at Tesco are governed by the various employment laws and such they are provided to give the employee security and safety. Social Needs:- Tesco tries to cater to the social needs of its employees by bringing about a cohesiveness and unity into the social aspects of its employees. It regularly conducts culture events et cetera to make the employees feel the spirit of a group. Challenging Work Challenging work is regarded as an important aspect of motivation. Maslow as well as Hertzberg gives it prominent place. As far as Tesco is conce rned it is doubtful whether the organization could be able to provide challenging work to all of its employees. Maybe to the upper echelons of management there may be works and projects, such as breaking into new terrain, or achieving a particular target. Whereas for the employees in the lower rung, this can only be achieved in limited versions. Tescos largely influence the motivational aspirations of its employee through challenging work by giving them targets to achieve, which may be followed by monetary or non-monetary benefits (ww.tescoplc.com) Career and Development Opportunities Tesco has a well developed career plan. It has provisions for graduates to highly skilled employees. The career development opportunities at Tesco is undertaken by providing the employees with opportunities to develop themselves and move along the progressive scale through programmes such as Apprentices in Retail and Trainee Management Programme (https://www.tescoplc.com). Appraisal Apprais al is an important mechanism through which the performance of individual employees can be assessed and provide motivation for them to work motivated. The appraisal systems used by Tescos are * Self-appraisal * Peer appraisal * 360 degree review The employee of Tesco is appraised by employees themselves, by their peers and through 360 degree evaluation. The 360 degree review is an appraisal system of the employee through all the people who comes into contact them him/her. VII. Conclusion Performance of organizations is positively impacted by motivated employees. The attitude of the employees towards the organization and identifying with its aims and objectives are highly stimulated by having motivated employees in an organization. Motivated employees work harder and smarter than employees who are not motivated. The quality and quantity of the products of the organization is improved. Thus the organization is able to cater to customers with products that are of bette r quality and quantity than those of its rivals. By having the same products of better quality and quantity than of its rivals at a cheaper cost allows the organizations to have a better advantage over its rivals. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Critical evaluation of the roles of motivation" essay for you Create order

The Most Famous Pieces Of Music - 1100 Words

Austria Research Paper Introduction Austria is a very beautiful place with kind people and a very good history in music. It is often known as the music capital because of the musical geniuses who have worked there, including Beethoven, Mozart and Strauss(biography). Some of the most famous pieces of music were written in Austria including Silent Night and Edelweiss. Austria is located in Europe and its capital is Vienna(Austria). Austria has one of the most stable economies in Europe. Austria has unique qualities such as its geography, history, culture, economy, and its current events. Geography, Climate, and Location The climate, geography, and location in Austria is unique. In the East, there are hot summers and moderately cold†¦show more content†¦She was an archduchess, and a Holy Roman Empress. Joseph II was another important leader. He was also a Holy Roman Emperor who tried to strengthen the Habsburg empire with his enlightened reforms, but his people opposed his changes very fiercely(biography). Austria had multiple big wars, but one of the wars they fought in was the war of the Austrian succession. It began on August 16, 1740. Frederick II of Prussia invaded Silesia, one of Habsburg’s richest provinces. His armies defeated the Austrians at Mollwitz in April 1441 and overran Silesia. This proved what the other European countries believed, that Silesia could not defend themselves. This ensured that the war would become general. Within a month, France had constructed an alliance with Bavaria and Spain and, later, with Saxony and Prussia agains t Austria. Maria Theresa derived her main support from Britain fearing that if France took Hegemony in Europe, the British colonial and commercial empire would be insupportable(britannica). Austria declared independence by concluding the Austrian State Treaty with the Four Occupying Powers. Culture Austria have a very kind culture. They have nice holidays, they have a functioning government, and they have good food. Some major holidays in Austria are Three Kings day, Easter, All Saints Day, St. Nicholas day, and Christmas. Three King’s day is a celebration that most Christians celebrate, but only a

Ancient Rome and Romans Free Essays

Rome vs. Greece Which of the city-states do you think was the better civilization? There are many difference and similarities between these city-states. Both are the most honorable ancient cultures in Western culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Ancient Rome and Romans or any similar topic only for you Order Now Greece and Rome had fought many battles, but those battles only made them stronger. Both had their own ways of life and political views as a civilization, and these ways varied incomparably. While Greece had many artistic achievements, Rome focused on creating and improving a unified empire. Therefore, both have different ways of making their civilization remembered by the people of today. The first difference in Roman and Greek civilization is their geographical features. Rome had a better chance to unify its people because of its location. Rome is located at the center of the Italian peninsula. It was easier for Rome to keep control of its neighboring areas. Rome gained control over the areas surrounding the Italian peninsula by conquest and by providing Roman citizenship for the conquered people. The residents of the Italian peninsula classified themselves as Romans during the Punic Wars, and then it led to the creation of the unified Roman Empire. On the other hand, Greece’s mountainous terrain separated several Greek city-states from one another. The expansion of the Greek civilization all over the Mediterranean basin was just an increase of detached Greek city-states. The detachment of the Greek city-states prevented Greece from creating its own empire. The Athenians’ plan of creating an empire by the domination of the Delian League backfired, by leading to the Peloponnesian Wars. The Romans adopted many characteristics of the Greeks to its culture. However, there are still many differences between their cultures. The Romans translated the names of the great gods of the Greeks into its language, so it will be more Roman-like. For example, the Roman name of the Greek god Poseidon is Neptune. The Romans’ religion is more solemn than the Greeks. The Romans believed that good or bad luck came from the gods, depending on what the gods were feeling. If they were happy it means good, however, if they were unhappy then bad luck would come to the Romans. The Romans worshipped Jupiter Optimus Maximus. They got the idea of wearing togas from the Greeks too. During the Roman Republic, the citizens started wearing togas. Another difference is the Romans’ art. Their artworks are more realistic than the Greeks. The Romans’ human sculptures look like real people. They used marbles to sculpt public officials’ portraits. Their arts are usually use for political propaganda. The Romans treated women way better than the Greeks. Women had a little freedom during the Roman Republic. They could leave the house, go shopping or visit a temple, and talk to their neighbors without the need of their husbands’ permission. As time went on during the Roman Empire, the women were allowed to own property, run business, inherit wills, and more. However, the Greeks are very different from the Romans. In Greek mythology; there are 12 main gods. Some of the gods that belong to the 12 Olympians are Zeus, Poseidon, and Hera. In Greek mythology there are a lot of monsters. Minotaurs, centaurs, and chimera (a hybrid animal) are significant Greek monsters. There are two types of hybrid monsters, a hybrid of animals and a hybrid of people. Greek arts are idealistic, whereas the Romans are realistic. Greek arts are usually about the exploration of nature and philosophy. They portray the human bodies. They are perfectionists. Their architectural buildings are measured mathematically. Examples of the architectural building that used mathematical methods are the Parthenon and the Temple of Hera. Women in Greece, excluding Sparta, had no rights. They were treated as their husbands’ property Their husbands need to be aware of where they are and what they are doing. In order for the women to go out or talk to their visitors, they need their husbands’ consent. This treatment of women did not change as time went on. Other differences between the Greeks and the Romans are their advancements in science and technology. Romans were great engineers and builders. They built many bridges, roads, and other structures. Their engineering is influenced by the Etruscans. To maintain their bridges solid and long-lasting, they used Etruscans’ keystone arch. It was hard for them to keep their bridges stable, so they focused on improving the creation of cement. They use pozzolana concrete for the bridges’ piers, so the sand that is brought by the river currents will not ruin the base of the bridges. They were the first people who used concrete for building structures. Roads built by the Romans also helped them to unify their empire. All of the roads that they built lead to Rome. The creation of the aqueducts was one of the best inventions of the Romans. The aqueducts carry and distribute the water throughout the city of Rome. Aside from Roman technologies, the Romans also had advancements in science. Galen, who wrote a medical textbook during the Roman Empire, was the fist in identifying many symptoms and treatments for an illness. His books were used as a guide in medicine for at least a thousand year. On the other hand, some of Greece’s invention those were reinvented until the 20th century includes analog computers, vending machines, and showers. The analog computer was invented in 150 B. C. , but it was only use as a calculator, calendar, and as a GPS for navigation. The vending machine was used for holy water refill by inserting a coin. In 400 B. C. , the Greeks invented indoor showers. It was used in the gymnasium at Pergamum for female and male athletes to use. The Greeks also have science advancements. Aristotle, a Greek philosopher, opened The Lyceum. The Lyceum is a school where he observed how things come to live. He came up a procedure for debating according to rules of logic. The scientific method we use today is based on Aristotle’s works and discoveries. Another person that contributed in Greek’s science is Hippocrates. Hippocrates is a Greek physician. He also described disease symptoms like Galen of Rome. He examined the human body to find out more about the illness the body consist. Hippocrates is well-known as â€Å"the father of modern medicine. † He also built a medical school on the island of Cos, Greece, where he was born. After his books about his medical teachings were published for Alexandria library, the people stopped believing that diseases and illnesses came from the gods as punishments; they learned that illness had a physical and rational explanation. His Hippocratic Oath had a great influence on the doctors today; they promise to be honest, to preserve life, and to keep information about their patients private. When choosing a civilization, it is hard because all of the civilizations does not have everything you want especially during this time period. The Romans and the Greeks are both great civilizations that have been growing over time. Both civilizations have success and failures of their own. The Romans had their outstanding legionary armies that helped them conquer many lands and put their civilizations to its height, but they also had a downfall when the generals decided to be greedy and fought each other for the thrown. Greece was also successful during the Athenian democracy because it brought many male citizens together, and they fought to protect their government. However, the opposing city-sate, which is Sparta, agreed changing their government to traditional dictatorship. Then it led to battle, but Athenians couldn’t defeat the Spartans, so it led to the fall of the Greek democracy. On the bright side, both civilizations found ways to resolve their problems. Rome and Greece are well-known because of their great achievements, and both are great influence on the lives of the people today. Standard: 9SS3: Students examine the antecedents, origins, development and achievements of the classical civilizations of Greece and Rome from 2000 B. C. E. to 500 C. E. 9Ec. 5: Compare works that express a universal theme and provide evidence to support the views expressed in each work. 9E2a. 5: Use writing to formulate clear research questions and to compile information from primary and secondary print or Internet sources. 9E2a. 6: Develop the main ideas within the body of the composition through supporting evidence, commonly held beliefs, hypotheses, and definitions. How to cite Ancient Rome and Romans, Papers

Generic Strategy and Intensive Growth †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Generic Strategy and Intensive Growth. Answer: Introduction: The excellence of the car manufacturer Toyota starts from its lean manufacturing process to the other business strategies including competitive strategy or growth strategy have always been important in the field of business management. Toyota has managed to rank as the best car manufacturer in terms of overall productivity, highest profit margin as well as the best application of innovative models in the business (Thompson 2015). The brand is well accepted all over the globe due to its reliability, quality and long term durability. Toyota has managed to occupy the market of USA, UK and Asia even in the presence of other tough competitors like Ford or GM Motors. Toyota has been found to apply different business strategies in its business activities. For instance, the organisation uses generic strategy and the intensive growth strategy as a continuous process in the business activity. The generic strategy includes the combination of the cost leadership and broad product differentiation strategy (Wesswling et al. 2015). In terms of product differentiation, the car manufacturer has manufactured sedans, SUVs and even small cars that are easily affordable. Thus, the company has different types of cars to offer to the different groups of consumers. The company has adopted the cost leadership, thereby reducing the price of the cars in order to increase the demand of the cars in the market. The method adopted for this strategy is known as just-in-time manufacturing method that in turn reduces the time and expenditure that is required for the manufacturing of the cars (Jayaram et al. 2014). This way, they can offer their cars at a lower price and can gain the advantage by the means of pricing strategy. On the other hand, the differentiation strategy has to ensure the global competitiveness for the organisation. In order to carry out this particular business objective, Toyota has adopted the innovation techniques in order to address the business strategies (Thompson 2015). This has automatically leaded to the creation of an attractive market segment for the company. In terms of intensive growth strategy, the car manufacturer has always intended to expand its business in the prospected regions where there is attractive target group of consumers. For example, Toyota has captured the market of UK and Asia and became one of the leading car companies in these countries. In order to undertake expansion strategy, the company has undertaken the approaches of market penetration, product development and market development as well (Zamberi 2014). The only aim of the organisation is to create a global presence that would be supportive and intensive towards the growth of the organisation and to create a global presence as well. Innovations in the manufacturing and designing of the cars have helped the company to get more recognition in the market and to beat the tough competition in the market where it operates (Wesswling et al. 2015). Thus, Toyota is an apt example that has undertaken new and innovative business strategies that has gave it the global succes s. Organisation 2: Samsung Capturing the global smart phone market even in the presence of smart phone giants like Apple and Nokia (Now Microsoft) has proved the business strategy and the ability of Samsung as a successful product in the competitive market. The Galaxy range of mobile phones has given the most need opportunity that the company wanted to become successful in the area of its business (Bharadwaj et al. 2013). The company has thoroughly adopted the business and the competitive strategy in order to grab a good market share in the region where it operates. Like Toyota, Samsung has also successfully captured a good market in the market of USA and Asia. A number of corporate business strategies of Samsung can be mentioned here that has helped the Korean company to go global and grab the market in spite of the presence of huge competitors in the market. The first important strategy adopted by the mobile phone manufacturer is the pricing strategy. In comparison to the premium pricing strategy of Apple, Samsung has always come up with competitive pricing strategy in order to increase the demand of the product in the market (Park and Lee 2015). The idea of the company was to expand its business as much as possible and to increase the market share. The company has also adopted better strategies in its supply chain activities and has built up manufacturing hub in the countries where skilled and cheap labourers are easily available. Even during the phase of recession, the company had adopted the expansion strategy and proved to be one of the market capturer in that time (Song and Lee 2014). There was a logical growth in the business that h as helped the company to reach the next level of growth. With the increase in the market share, the company also adopted the strategy of diversification of the product. The mobile phone manufacturer diversified its business into other areas like manufacturing of television, computers and other electronic appliances. There is no doubt on the innovative techniques adopted by the organisation in the manufacturing of its products (Motohashi 2015). The mission of the company is to build the world a smarter planet. In fact, the innovation strategy is not only limited to the manufacturing of the product but it is equally applicable to the other dimensions of the business like leadership strategy or the organisation culture and structure. The organisation has given the opportunities to the workers of the company to come up with innovative ideas in order to increase the impact of the streaming of the products (Song and Lee 2014). The company has used the increasing impact of technology and removed all the barriers in terms of using the software and other technological processes required for the success of a company. In order to achieve the competitive advantage in the market, the company has also spent huge amount of money in the research and development in order to understand the need of the market (Park and Lee 2015). Apart from this, the company also excels in the marketing strategy as well and adopted different marketing strategies in different markets. References: Bharadwaj, A., El Sawy, O.A., Pavlou, P.A. and Venkatraman, N.V., 2013. Digital business strategy: toward a next generation of insights. Jayaram, J., Choon Tan, K. and Laosirihongthong, T., 2014. The contingency role of business strategy on the relationship between operations practices and performance.Benchmarking: An International Journal,21(5), pp.690-712. Motohashi, K., 2015.Global business strategy: Multinational corporations venturing into emerging Markets. Springer Science+ Business Media. Park, C. and Lee, H., 2015. Value Co-Creation ProcessesEarly Stages of Value Chains Involving High-Tech Business Markets: SamsungQualcomm Semiconductor Foundry Businesses.Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing,22(3), pp.229-252. Song, H.K. and Lee, G., 2014. The Choice that Samsung Electronics Made in the Monetary Crisis of 1997. In Management of Enterprise Crises in Japan(pp. 49-63). Thompson, A., 2015. Toyotas generic strategy and intensive growth strategies.Retrieved April,27, p.2016. Wesseling, J.H., Niesten, E.M.M.I., Faber, J. and Hekkert, M.P., 2015. Business strategies of incumbents in the market for electric vehicles: Opportunities and incentives for sustainable innovation.Business Strategy and the Environment,24(6), pp.518-531. Zamberi Ahmad, S., 2014. Small and medium enterprises internationalisation and business strategy: some evidence from firms located in an emerging market.Journal of Asia Business Studies,8(2), pp.168-186.

Artists and Their Friend Copyright free essay sample

This is a paper about copyright law and how it relates to visual and audio artists. This paper provides a lengthy description of the history of copyright law in the U.S. The author discusses copyright laws, registration, congressional acts, standards and guidelines. The author also discusses copyright infringement, its repercussions, damages and defenses within the judicial system. Everyone doodles, writes, composes, paints, or sculpts. How does one protect oneself from their creation becoming copied? Moreover, if it is copied, what can be done to remedy the situation? The establishment of what is called a copyright is the protection against copying. Copyright is actually a set of rights, which ?include the right to reproduce, distribute, prepare derivative works based upon, perform and display a protected work.? (Fishman 12/2) In todays society, focus is constantly on ones rights. One right that is often overlooked and is seldom caught up in controversy is the right to control the copying of ones creation. We will write a custom essay sample on Artists and Their Friend: Copyright or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even though seldom involved in controversy, copyright law is still an important factor in everyday life.

Fall in Oil Prices in the mid 2014

Fall in Oil Prices in the mid 2014 Introduction There has been a dramatic fall in oil prices across the world in the recent past beginning in mid-2014. The decline in oil prices will have impacts on the economies of the world. One of the economies that have already begun experiencing economic effects of the declining oil prices is the United Kingdom (UK).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Fall in Oil Prices in the mid 2014 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The fall in oil prices has been described as either a big tax cut or a contributor to potential deflation in the UK. However, these two arguments are subjective since they will vary in terms of consistency and industry. It is expected that the drop in oil prices will boost employment and investment and hence raise revenues in the UK. It is also projected that the drop in oil charges will negatively affect the oil and gas extraction industry. However, the cost of the input will fall to counter the nega tive effects. Oil-consuming industries such as the transport sector will also benefit since people will relocate their capital, especially from less oil-dependent sectors. Household income will also increase with a decline in oil prices. The overall outcome will be a rise in consumer spending. Household income will go up due to two major factors that are pegged to oil prices. First, prices of consumer goods will fall with the falling oil prices in the UK. However, the reduced prices of goods and services will result in devaluation of the UK economy. Inflation rates will also decrease to the extent of forcing the UK banks to reconsider their lending rates (Bloomberg 2015). Secondly, the real wages will also rise with the falling oil prices. In fact, Lincoln (2015) addresses the issue of inflation in the UK. In fact, the Bank of England tabled a written document to a British government official demanding answers concerning the witnessed deviations (Lincoln (2015). This outcome will be attributable to the fact that a fall in oil prices will result in a fast growth of various sectors of the economy. As a result, these sectors will highly require labour. Competition for the available labour will result in an increase in wages. This paper seeks to explore the assumption that a fall in oil prices is either a big tax cut or a contributor to potential deflation in the UK.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Oil Decline and its Impacts Inflation The argument that a decline in oil prices has resulted in tax cut in the UK is a misplaced projection. On the contrary, a fall in world oil prices has resulted in increased revenue and tax collection by the government of the UK. Since a fall in oil prices increases economic activities in the UK, the amount of government tax revenue has also been on the rise. The amount of tax to be collected from personal income b y the government has also increased with the increased employment and spendable income. Moreover, tax collection from the corporate sector also increases with a fall in oil prices since many companies intensify their manufacturing activities with reduced cost of production. The trade deficit has been narrowly affected by the fall in oil prices. A low cost of oil prices translates to a decline in the cost of production, especially for oil-intensive industries. If the prices of oil continue to fall or fall permanently, the cost of production in industries that depend on energy is expected to be low. The low cost of manufacturing will then be transferred to the clientele of the manufactured products, thereby reducing the rates of inflation directly. However, a rise in the real GDP and collective demand is likely to make the charges of merchandise go up. In his view, Barwell (2007) says that this effect will be offset by the saved purchasing cost, thereby resulting in low consumer price s. Therefore, the low oil prices are good news for the UK consumers and the government. Consumers are expected to continue benefiting from the cheaper prices of goods and services. They have increased their spendable income following the cost-saving mechanisms that have come with the decline in oil charges. On the other hand, the government has collected more tax from the increased number of employed people and from the increased amount of goods that citizens have been able to purchase. As Rafiq (2014) asserts, the balance between GDP and the reduced cost of goods and services will result in reduced inflation.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Fall in Oil Prices in the mid 2014 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Household Spending Consumers in the UK market will benefit from the reduced oil prices. Household spending increases with the available cost-saving strategies that result from the reduced oil prices (Misati, Ny amongo Mwangi 2013). Since most of the industries depend on energy for production, a reduction in energy prices in the UK has translated to the witnessed low cost of production. As a result, the industries have reduced the cost of their goods and services to the advantage of the UK consumers. Real house spending has also increased with the reduced oil prices. Since low oil prices increase the activities of most of the industries, labour demand has also increased to the extent of raising the wage levels in the UK economy. Increased wages have augmented the spending power since money is available in the hands of the UK people. However, according to Misati, Nyamongo and Mwangi (2013), if the demand for goods and services continues to increase, there is a possibility that goods will run out of stock and consequently result in high prices. This claim implies that the projected devaluation in the UK economy is unlikely to happen due to this balancing effect. It is important to consider t he likely direct effect of reduced oil prices on spendable income that has to be witnessed, regardless of whether the changes in price are temporary or permanent. Government Revenue Barwell (2007) confirms how the UK government collects revenue from the process of oil exploration, production, and distribution. Such taxes are classified as petroleum revenue tax, supplementary tax, and corporation tax. Trends in revenue collection by the UK government have followed the situation in the oil industry over the years. However, this condition may not hold in the near future. For example, there has been a decoupling relationship between the prices of oil and the amount of collected revenue since other factors in the economy may offset the expected decline in revenue because of the reduced oil prices. In the UK oil industry, revenue collection declined by 45% in the 2012-2013 fiscal year and 25% in the 2013-2014 fiscal year. This state of affairs was attributed to the low levels of oil produ ction and the increased expenditure. However, as Rafiq (2014) reveals, low revenue collection from the oil industry may not necessarily mean low proceeds to the economy.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the contrary, a reduction in oil prices across the world has a positive impact on government tax revenue in the UK. It is true that the total amount of tax revenue that the government of UK collects from the oil industry will decline with reduced oil prices in the world market. However, it is clear that the avenues that low prices of oil are likely to open will increase tax revenue with a higher mark compared to the amount that is currently gathered from the oil industry. The implication is that the balance of revenue tax that could have been collected from the oil industry will be easily offset by the contribution from other sectors (Misati, Nyamongo Mwangi 2013). Such contribution will include employee taxable income, tax levies from the expanded industrial avenues, and the increased tax collection from consumer goods whose demand will have gone up following the available high spendable income. The UK Trade Deficit A balance of import and exports is crucial to the UK economy. MacCoille (2008) confirms how both domestic spending and exports are great contributors to the economic growth of a particular country. Although the UK is a big importer of oil and oil products, a decline in the world oil prices may have a small effect on its economy. However, a decline in oil prices results in the expansion of the UK’s domestic industries that in turn lift people’s spending power (Guidi 2010). This outcome is expected to narrow the UK’s trade deficit. It is also likely that the decrease in oil prices will result in an increase in exports as the UK economy continues to expand. The low cost of production in the UK’s oil-intensive industries implies a higher rate of production and hence more goods and services for the export market. However, this economic situation is likely to be balanced by the increased spendable wages. Since low prices of oil will result in discounted goods in the UK, the long-term effect will be an increase in spendabl e income and hence wealth creation. Empowerment of the local citizenry means that most of the goods that are produced locally have to be consumed locally since people have the money to spend in purchasing the products. When the UK domestic spending rises, there is a likelihood of wealth creation within the country. Industries will expand their production since the cost will continue to be low while people will continue to save and purchase more with the available spendable income. In the end, exports will significantly go down. MacCoille (2008) confirms how a decline in exports implies reduced export taxes. Since the available income is anticipated to be high, part of the spending will be focused on buying more imports. The implication is that tax collection from imports will also increase. Guidi (2010) asserts that the quickly expanding economy that will result from the low cost of production will also lead to the growth of the overall UK economy. The intensification of the economy will translate into increased demand for imports such as machinery, labour, and raw materials. As a result, the economy of the UK will experience a narrowing of trade deficit with the decline in world oil prices. Conclusion A decline in the world oil prices will result in increased tax collection and devaluation of the UK economy. The overall impact of the falling oil prices will be positive economic growth in the UK. Industries and economic activities will expand. The cost of industrial production will decrease, thus allowing quick expansion and increased production of goods by industries that are currently highly reliant on oil. However, low prices of oil in the world market will affect the UK’s oil industry negatively, thereby contributing to low tax revenue to the economy. This discussion finds that low tax revenue from the oil industry will not affect the overall revenue collection by the UK government. On the contrary, various industries will expand with the decline in oil prices. Low cost of production, for example, in the agriculture industry, transport, and manufacturing industries will be witnessed. These industries will increase their tax remittance to the government. Moreover, the industries will raise employment in the countries. Consequently, many employees will also pay taxes to the government. Consumers will also have a spendable income, meaning that they will purchase more products and save money through the reduced prices of goods. Hence, the low cost of production in industries because of the reduced oil charges will end up at the consumer doors since the prices of goods and services will go down. Therefore, this discussion confirms that devaluation of goods and services will not necessarily imply a tax cut since a tax decline in the UK’s oil extraction, production, and transport industry will be offset by other sectors that will grow rapidly, thanks to the reduced oil prices. References Barwell, R 2007, ‘The macroeconom ic impact of higher energy prices on the UK economy’, Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin, vol. 47 no. 4, pp. 522-532. Bloomberg 2015, UK Annual Inflation Rate Falls Below Zero. Web. Guidi, F 2010, ‘The Economic Effects of Oil Prices Shocks on the UK Manufacturing and Services Sectors’, IUP Journal of Applied Economics, vol. 9 no. 4, pp. 5-34. Lincoln, H 2015, British Monetary Policy: Wrong Target. Web. MacCoille, C 2008, ‘The impact of low-cost economies on UK import prices’, Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin, vol. 48 no. 1, pp. 58-65. Misati, N, Nyamongo, M Mwangi, I 2013, ‘Commodity price shocks and inflation in a net oil-importing economy’, OPEC Energy Review, vol. 37 no. 2, pp. 125-148. Rafiq, S 2014, ‘What Do Energy Prices Tell Us About UK Inflation?’, Economica, vol. 81 no. 322, pp. 293-310.

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Impact of Business Ethics - Essay Example Most commonly, ethics affect the performance of business organizations by defining the extent to which they are trustworthy and honest, engage the community in making positive contributions to the community, and retain customer loyalty that contributes to the economic bottom line. In order to be successful in life, ethics plays a vital role. Companies who regularly partake in unethical business practices may be profitable for a season, but once word gets out that they have unscrupulous in many of the dealings, the public will likely abandon them. The issue, then, is for a business to clearly state their ethical code of conduct and then work hard to live up to those standards. The problem, however, is that large corporations often find it difficult to live up to the high expectations that its shareholders and the public have set for them. It is important, therefore, for concerned parties to understand sound business ethics in order to ensure and guard against failure in this area. According to Jennings (2012), corporate ethics provide pillars on which business operations are built upon. There are many different ways that a corporation can use sound ethical principles to contribute to their overall success. A product corporate social responsibility is one such way that this can take place. Corporate social responsibility involves a process of opening up and maintaining a solid manner of doing business that emanates from business ethics. Combined with this concept, it is way the corporation gets involved and participates in community issues. It has been determined that corporate social responsibility is an essential element in working to ensure the success of a business (Jennings, 2012). The reason why corporate social responsibility is a critical part of ethics in any given company rests in the fact it serves to strengthen the bond between the organization and society as a while. It works to gain the

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Black Slaves Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Black Slaves - Essay Example The captives were insignificant to those communities and, this was the reason behind the slave trade; they opted to exchange them with valuable items from the traders. Some African countries like Ghana, Angola, and Tanzania largely practiced slavery as an exchange valuable in trade. The incarceration of the slaves was in systematic ways such as waging war on some weaker communities. The superior African kingdoms would later sell the slaves to the Arab and, European slave trade agents (Watson, p30). The Africans themselves carried out slave trade. To them this was a beneficial business. According to ancient history on slavery, a slave was equivalent to 14 pounds and, this was a lucrative engagement. Study shows that the Arabs were the first people to practice black slavery in Africa, even before the coming of the Europeans. They traded with dominate African empires and, communities who exchanged the slaves for precious goods for a period of 600 years before the white man set foot in Africa(Watson, p 30). According to the historian, slave trade began in the Neolithic revolution following the realization of agriculture. This was a tremendous transformation in many communities from hunting to agriculture and, settlement. In addition, this transformation in lifestyle resulted to labour demand thus, slave trade and the dawn of civilization. The Portuguese, Arabs, and European were predominantly keen in exploring African wealth. However, at the same time they had created colonies in America and, were in search for labour force to help cultivate, and develop the land. The end of the 15th century marked the peak of European black slavery trade; England was the largest protectorate to trade in salve trade. They began to take people forcibly initially as servants to the wealthy people. According to the European, the taking of slaves was in the name of converting them to become Christians and, probably give them a better future in Europe. Statistics show that

Biometric Passport With Rfid Information Technology Essay

Biometric Passport With Rfid Information Technology Essay Radio-frequency identification is the use of an object typically referred to as an RFID tag applied to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the purpose of identification and tracking using radio waves. Some tags can be read from several meters away and beyond the line of sight of the reader. Radio-frequency identification comprises interrogators (also known as readers), and tags (also known as labels). The RFID device serves the same purpose as a bar code or a magnetic strip on the back of a credit card or ATM card; it provides a unique identifier for that object. And, just as a bar code or magnetic strip must be scanned to get the information, the RFID device must be scanned to retrieve the identifying information. RFID Works Better Than Barcodes: A significant advantage of RFID devices over the others mentioned above is that the RFID device does not need to be positioned precisely relative to the scanner. Were all familiar with the difficulty that store checkout clerks sometimes have in making sure that a barcode can be read. And obviously, credit cards and ATM cards must be swiped through a special reader. In contrast, RFID devices will work within a few feet (up to 20 feet for high-frequency devices) of the scanner. For example, you could just put all of your groceries or purchases in a bag, and set the bag on the scanner. It would be able to query all of the RFID devices and total your purchase immediately. RFID technology has been available for more than fifty years. It has only been recently that the ability to manufacture the RFID devices has fallen to the point where they can be used as a throwaway inventory or control device. Alien Technologies recently sold 500 million RFID tags to Gillette at a cost of about ten cents per tag. One reason that it has taken so long for RFID to come into common use is the lack of standards in the industry. Most companies invested in RFID technology only use the tags to track items within their control; many of the benefits of RFID come when items are tracked from company to company or from country to country. Figure 2: Types of RFID tags Figure 3: RFID scanners History and technology background: Mario Cardullos U.S. Patent 3,713,148 in 1973 was the first true ancestor of modern RFID; a passive radio transponder with memory. The initial device was passive, powered by the interrogating signal, and was demonstrated in 1971 to the New York Port Authority and other potential users and consisted of a transponder with 16 bit memory for use as a toll device. The basic Cardullo patent covers the use of RF, sound and light as transmission media. The original business plan presented to investors in 1969 showed uses in transportation (automotive vehicle identification, automatic toll system, electronic license plate, electronic manifest, vehicle routing, vehicle performance monitoring), banking (electronic check book, electronic credit card), security (personnel identification, automatic gates, surveillance) and medical (identification, patient history). An early demonstration of reflected power (modulated backscatter) RFID tags, both passive and semi-passive, was performed by Steven Depp, Alfred Koelle, and Robert Freyman at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1973. The portable system operated at 915Â  MHz and used 12-bit tags. This technique is used by the majority of todays UHFID and microwave RFID tags. The first patent to be associated with the abbreviation RFID was granted to Charles Walton in 1983. Miniaturization: RFIDs are easy to conceal or incorporate in other items. For example, in 2009 researchers at Bristol University successfully glued RFID micro transponders to live ants in order to study their behavior. This trend towards increasingly miniaturized RFIDs is likely to continue as technology advances. However, the ability to read at distance is limited by the inverse-square law. Hitachi holds the record for the smallest RFID chip, at 0.05mm x 0.05mm. The Mu chip tags are 64 times smaller than the new RFID tags. Manufacture is enabled by using the Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) process. These dust sized chips can store 38-digit numbers using 128-bit Read Only Memory (ROM). A major challenge is the attachment of the antennas, thus limiting read range to only millimeters. Potential alternatives to the radio frequencies (0.125-0.1342, 0.140-0.1485, 13.56, and 840-960Â  MHz) used are seen in optical RFID (or OPID) at 333 THz (900Â  nm), 380 THz (788Â  nm), 750 THz (400Â  nm). The awkward antennas of RFID can be replaced with photovoltaic components and IR-LEDs on the ICs. Figure 4: Miniature RFID tag Modular Decomposition Our system requirements are very clearly and not expect to change frequently. So, we will use in our system Waterfall model. And because the requirements are well understood. Project Activities Task# Duration (week) Description T1 2 -Feasibility study of the system T2 2 -Requirement analysis -Requirement specification T3 6 -System design -Code programming -Interface design T4 2 -System testing -Feedback on system testing -validation of system Risks Management Risk type Possible risks Technology Not all system familiar with RFID hardwares and softwares. People -Key staff is ill and unavailable at critical times (Only one employee work in this system). Requirements -Customers fail to understand the impact of Requirements changes. Estimation -The time required to develop the software is underestimated. -The rate of defect repair is underestimated. -The size of the software is underestimated. Risks Analysis Risk Probability Effects Technology Low Serious People Low Catastrophic Requirements High Serious Estimation Moderate Serious Risk Management Strategies Risk type Strategy Technology Will choose the software hardware Carefully. People -Gave every task over-days, and some days will Have overtime of work. Requirements -After every task there is a feedback, The costumer will see it. -Investigate buying-in components. Estimation -Replace potentially defective components With bought-in components of known reliability. RFID Tools: Most RFID tags contain at least two parts. One is an integrated circuit for storing and processing information, modulating and demodulating a radio-frequency (RF) signal, and other specialized functions. The second is an antenna for receiving and transmitting the signal. There are generally two types of RFID tags: 1. Active RFID tags An RFID tag is an active tag when it is equipped with a battery that can be used as a partial or complete source of power for the tags circuitry and antenna. Some active tags contain replaceable batteries for years of use; others are sealed units. (Note that it is also possible to connect the tag to an external power source.) Advantages of an active rfid tag: 1- It can be read at distances of one hundred feet or more, greatly improving the utility of the device 2- It may have other sensors that can use electricity for power. 3- Longest communication range of any tag. 4- The capability to perform independent monitoring and control 5- The capability of initiating communications 6- The capability of performing diagnostics 7- The highest data bandwidth 8- Active rfid tags may even be equipped with autonomous networking; the tags autonomously determine the best communication path. Disadvantages of an active RFID tag: 1- The tag cannot function without battery power, which limits the lifetime of the tag. 2- The tag is typically more expensive, often costing $20 or more each. 3- The tag is physically larger, which may limit applications. 4- The long-term maintenance costs for an active RFID tag can be greater than those of a passive tag if the batteries are replaced. 5- Battery outages in an active tag can result in expensive misreads. 2. Passive RFID tags: A passive tag is an RFID tag that does not contain a battery; the power is supplied by the reader. When radio waves from the reader are encountered by a passive RFID tag, the coiled antenna within the tag forms a magnetic field. The tag draws power from it, energizing the circuits in the tag. The tag then sends the information encoded in the tags memory. Advantages of a passive tag: 1- The tag functions without a battery; these tags have a useful life of twenty years or more. 2- The tag is typically much less expensive to manufacture. 3- The tag is much smaller (some tags are the size of a grain of rice). These tags have almost unlimited applications in consumer goods and other areas. Disadvantages of a passive rfid tag: 1- The tag can be read only at very short distances, typically a few feet at most. This greatly limits the device for certain applications. 2- It may not be possible to include sensors that can use electricity for power. 3- The tag remains readable for a very long time, even after the product to which the tag is attached has been sold and is no longer being. Figure 5: Active and Passive RFID tag Current uses of RFID: 1- Biometric passport: A biometric passport, also known as an e-passport or ePassport, is a combined paper and electronic passport (hence the e-, as in e-mail) that contains biometric information that can be used to authenticate the identity of travelers. It uses contactless smart card technology, including a microprocessor chip (computer chip) and antenna (for both power to the chip and communication) embedded in the front or back cover, or center page, of the passport. Document and chip characteristics are documented in the International Civil Aviation Organisations (ICAO) Doc 9303. The passports critical information is both printed on the data page of the passport and stored in the chip. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) is used to authenticate the data stored electronically in the passport chip making it virtually impossible to forge when all security mechanisms are fully and correctly implemented. Note that the USA Passport card is not a biometric passport. The passport card does not follow the ICAOs Doc 9303, can only be used in a limited number of countries and uses a simple RFID chip instead of the contactless smart card technology that is used for biometric passports. Contactless smart card technology includes a microprocessor, data access control, communications security and other functionality as programmed. 2- Microchip implant (human): A human microchip implant is an integrated circuit device or RFID transponder encased in silicate glass and implanted into a humans body. A subdermal implant typically contains a unique ID number that can be linked to information contained in an external database, such as personal identification, medical history, medications, allergies, and contact information. Hobbyists: The first reported experiment with an RFID implant was carried out in 1998 by the British scientist Kevin Warwick. As a test, his implant was used to open doors, switch on lights, and cause verbal output within a building. The implant has since been held in the Science Museum (London). Since that time, at least two additional hobbyists have placed RFID microchips implants into their hands or had them placed there by others. Amal Graafstra, author of the book RFID Toys, asked doctors to place implants in his hands. A cosmetic surgeon used a scalpel to place a microchip in his left hand, and his family doctor injected a chip into his right hand using a veterinary Avid injector kit. Graafstra uses the implants to open his home and car doors and to log on to his computer. Neither implant was the VeriChip brand. Medical records use: The PositiveID Corporation (previously known as The VeriChip Corporation; Applied Digital Solutions, Inc.; and The Digital Angel Corporation) distribute the implantable chip known as the VeriChip. The company suggests that the implant could be used to retrieve medical information in the event of an emergency, as follows: Each VeriChip implant contains a 16-digit ID number. This number is transmitted when a hand-held VeriChip scanner is passed within a few inches of the implant. Participating hospitals and emergency workers can enter this number into a secure page on the VeriChip Corporations website to access medical information that the patient has previously stored on file with the company. Building access and security: The VeriChip Corporation has also suggested that the implant could be used to restrict access to secure facilities such as power plants. Microchip scanners could be installed at entrances so locks would only work for persons with appropriately programmed chips. The downside is the relative ease with which the 16-digit ID number contained in a chip implant can be obtained and cloned using a hand-held device, a problem that has been demonstrated publicly by security researcher Jonathan Westhues and documented in the May 2006 issue of Wired magazine, among other places. A nightclub in Barcelona offered a chip implant for identifying VIP guests. Figure 6: Biometric passport with RFID tag Figure 7: Microchip human implant Technical problems with RFID: Problems with RFID Standards: RFID has been implemented in different ways by different manufacturers; global standards are still being worked on. It should be noted that some RFID devices are never meant to leave their network (as in the case of RFID tags used for inventory control within a company). This can cause problems for companies. Consumers may also have problems with RFID standards. For example, ExxonMobils SpeedPass system is a proprietary RFID system; if another company wanted to use the convenient SpeedPass (say, at the drive-in window of your favorite fast food restaurant) they would have to pay to access it an unlikely scenario. On the other hand, if every company had their own SpeedPass system, a consumer would need to carry many different devices with them. RFID systems can be easily disrupted: Since RFID systems make use of the electromagnetic spectrum (like WiFi networks or cellphones), they are relatively easy to jam using energy at the right frequency. Although this would only be an inconvenience for consumers in stores (longer waits at the checkout), it could be disastrous in other environments where RFID is increasingly used, like hospitals or in the military in the field. Also, active RFID tags (those that use a battery to increase the range of the system) can be repeatedly interrogated to wear the battery down, disrupting the system. RFID Reader Collision: Reader collision occurs when the signals from two or more readers overlap. The tag is unable to respond to simultaneous queries. Systems must be carefully set up to avoid this problem; many systems use an anti-collision protocol (also called a singulation protocol. Anti-collision protocols enable the tags to take turns in transmitting to a reader. RFID Tag Collision: Tag collision occurs when many tags are present in a small area; but since the read time is very fast, it is easier for vendors to develop systems that ensure that tags respond one at a time. Security, privacy and ethics problems with RFID: The following problems with RFID tags and readers have been reported: The contents of an RFID tag can be read after the item leaves the supply chain: An RFID tag cannot tell the difference between one reader and another. RFID scanners are very portable; RFID tags can be read from a distance, from a few inches to a few yards. This allows anyone to see the contents of your purse or pocket as you walk down the street. Some tags can be turned off when the item has left the supply chain. Zombie RFID Tags: One of the main concerns with RFID tags is that their contents can be read by anyone with an appropriately equipped scanner even after you take it out of the store. One technology that has been suggested is a zombie RFID tag, a tag that can be temporarily deactivated when it leaves the store. The process would work like this: you bring your purchase up to the register, the RFID scanner reads the item, you pay for it and as you leave the store, you pass a special device that sends a signal to the RFID tag to die. That is, it is no longer readable. The zombie element comes in when you bring an item back to the store. A special device especially made for that kind of tag re-animates the RFID tag, allowing the item to reenter the supply chain. RFID tags are difficult to remove: RFID tags are difficult to for consumers to remove; some are very small (less than a half-millimeter square and as thin as a sheet of paper) others may be hidden or embedded inside a product where consumers cannot see them. New technologies allow RFID tags to be printed right on a product and may not be removable at all. RFID tags can be read without your knowledge: Since the tags can be read without being swiped or obviously scanned (as is the case with magnetic strips or barcodes), anyone with an RFID tag reader can read the tags embedded in your clothes and other consumer products without your knowledge. For example, you could be scanned before you enter the store, just to see what you are carrying. You might then be approached by a clerk who knows what you have in your backpack or purse, and can suggest accessories or other items. RFID tags can be read at greater distances with a high-gain antenna: For various reasons, RFID reader/tag systems are designed so that distance between the tag and the reader is kept to a minimum. However, a high-gain antenna can be used to read the tags from much further away, leading to privacy problems. RFID tags with unique serial numbers could be linked to an individual credit card number: At present, the Universal Product Code (UPC) implemented with barcodes allows each product sold in a store to have a unique number that identifies that product. Work is proceeding on a global system of product identification that would allow each individual item to have its own number. When the item is scanned for purchase and is paid for, the RFID tag number for a particular item can be associated with a credit card number. Goals of the project: Many students skip more than 20% of their lectures, and using an embed RFID tags in their student card will help to keep track of attendance. It can be a reference to the doctor in keeping records of attendance. It can also be used to provide any extra information to the doctor or the department without the need to type in the student number. It can be upgraded to include money amounts to be used around the university campus. Provides better management for the doctor in his lecture. Reduce the use of paper to keep track of the students. User Requirements: Any user can use the system. Students are able to see their attendance online and almost in real time. Ordinary student cards can be implanted with an RFID tag. DATA Flow Diagram: Figure 8 Scenario Diagram : The first step , the user scans his card The user opens the website. { For example Just website } The user chooses if he will log-in like member or visitor. Figure 9 If he clicks sign in Button, the system asks him to insert his ID and the Password, and then the system checks the validity of the inserted information and then asks him to rescan his card to match it with that ID. Figure 10 If the password valid and is a match with the card, the system redirect him to the member page. Figure 11 If a doctor has logged in , the system ask him if he would like to open the attendance list of his lectures , or opens the student list of a certain lecture to have the students check for attendance . If a student has logged in, the students will be able to view a list of his lecture absence or check for a certain lecture attendance By rescanning the card, the member signs out of the system. If he clicks the Visitor button, He can view a guide on how to obtain an RFID tagged card. Figure 12 Information sources: RFID tags are a new technology and few companies support it, one of these companies that provide support to RFID tags is TOUCHATAG. So we tried to collect as many information from the touchatag website about it and about the RFID hardware before we start using it and these resources are: 1- Touchatag webpage: we entered Touchatag webpage to read about how to use touchatag device, tags. 2- Taking the website tour: we took a tour about touchatag DIY. 3- Reading books and tutorials: we read many tutorials and online books about RFID tags and hardware. Software Requirements: To do this project we needed some hardware to help us in the building: 1- Touchatag RFID scanner: we must have touchatag rfid scanner to do this project, so we obtained it. 2- RFID tags from Touchatag Company: these tags are used with the scanner to have a working RFID environment. 3- A programming software: Programming software is required to implement the project, then uploading it to the touchatag website and attach it with the account associated with the RFID scanner. System Requirements: As Touchatag application is a software attached to the touchatag server, client must satisfy these requirements to run the application, here we are using this application under Windows (requirements vary depend on OS machine): Windows Minimum requirement Recommended Internet Connection: Cable or DSL Cable or DSL Operating System: 2000, XP, or Vista XP or Vista Computer Processor: 800 MHz Pentium III or Athlon, or better 1.5 GHz (XP), 2-GHz (Vista) 32-bit (x86) or better Screen Resolution: 1024768 pixels 1024768 pixels or higher Graphics Card for XP/2000 NVIDIA GeForce 2, GeForce 4 MX or better NVIDIA Graphics cards GeForce Go Series: 7600, 7800, 7900 ATI Graphics Cards X2600, X2900 X3650, X3850 Graphics Card for Vista (requires latest drivers) NVIDIA GeForce 6600 or better OR ATI Radeon 9500 or better OR Intel 945 chipset NVIDIA Graphics cards GeForce Go Series: 7600, 7800, 7900 ATI Graphics Cards X2600, X2900 X3650, X3850 Implementation: For the implementation part, and due to the lack of possibility to develop my application directly on the Touchatag device, I took the approach of developing two things and link them together, first Ive created the website and the data base using ASP.net and C#, stored the data and performed the operation that Ill explain later on, and the second part was creating a visual basic script, that is attached to each tag and performs the task needed when it is called by the tag. ASP.net : Ive started the project with programming on ASP.net using C#, to accomplish the following tasks: Create a Doctor ID for login. Create a Doctor Password for login. Save the Doctor ID and Password in the database. Login as a Doctor and open the Student attendance system page. Check lectures where this function do the following : Upon clicking the button the system checks the time on the system and then scan the database for any lectures that is in this time and then return the tables ID which matches the time of the system and then store it in a hidden label, then the program checks the hidden label for the ID of the lecture and goes to the database to retrieve the students who are attached with that ID, along with two fields for the Time in and Time out. Upon clicking one of the four buttons which are labeled {Open Sign in, Close Sign in. Open Sign out, Close Sign Out} the values of a hidden label are changed to specific values. When the student types in his Student ID and Student Password , then press the login button , the system checks the student ID and the password if they are stored in the data base , once he found the data it checks which button of the four was clicked by the doctor first by checking a hidden label that stored the values of the button that was clicked , then based on that value it stores the time when the Login button was clicked, and by doing so it also updates the Database at the same Time. Visual Basic Script : The visual basic script is what links the ASP.net website to the Touchatag card; it is implemented through statements that do the following: Each Tag is assigned to a script of its own. The Tag when scanned activates the script that is assigned to it. The script is constructed with few simple statements that opens the web page, writes the user ID and Password in the cross ponding field, and the press the login button. Touchatag reader and Tags : The Touchatag reader is connected to the Touchatag server which does the specific task you have assigned it already on the Touchatag Server, and by scanning each tag the specific Tag ID goes to the Server and retrieves the function that is assigned to that specific Tag. Screen Shots: Asp.net Doctor Login Page : Figure 13: ASP.net Student Login Page , with Check Lectures and other Prompts: Figure 14: ASP.net Visual Basic Script: Figure 15: Visual Basic Touchatag: Figure 16: Touchatag Figure 17 Figure 18 : Touchatag Figure 19: Touchatag Testing Security: Rfid ID tags provided by touchatag have several security measures which include: 1- Accounts password: Every user has a password to access his account in the webpage and the server. This password is created when the user signs up. 2- IPs: touchatag server changes its IP from time to time to avoid hacking. 3- Report Abuse: This feature allows any user to report any object or person if they abused them. 4- Unique tags ID: each tag has a unique tag provided by the tag itself. Copyrights: The touchatag RFID tags are copyright protected and cant be used without a reference from touchatag. Performance Testing: Each tag is scanned effortlessly without any problems, the website might crash sometimes but it is restored without any problems. Unit Testing: Ive tested the tags, they work fine even after being placed in a wallet for more than 6 months and the wear and tear process is slow, and the tags are durable. Conclusion This project is the first step towards building Jordan University of Science Technology fully automated attendance system; JUST administration can take this step further, build on it to reach a better-enhanced project and can add more features and services to staff, officers, and students. Furthermore, the administration can also use this new technology to improve students attendance services and activities. I faced many problems during this project. The first problem is when I have to work in this system alone. Really, this problem gave me a big challenge to complete the project, but with the help of Dr. Qutaiba Al Thebyan, Dr. Qusai Abu Ein, Mrs. Alaa Mestarihi and the department, I could complete it. Finally, RFID tags is the future and every day services now a day require more interaction , but with those tags , many services and jobs can be done effortlessly without the ever getting your hand out of your pocket.

Risk Assessment with Relation to Falls in the Home in the Elderly Popul

This assignment will focus on the issue of Risk Assessment with relation to falls in the home in the elderly population. It will discuss the relationship between the community healthcare team and the individual client, the government policies related to the topic, and the influences of health policy upon the provision of community care. The role of the community nurse in public health education and promotion will also be explored. The client, in this particular instance, is Mrs Pugh. She is an 84-year-old female who lives alone since her husband's death 3 years ago. Mrs Pugh has a previous medical history of 'unexplained falls'. Her medical records also highlight the fact she is suffering from osteoporosis and arthritis. Mrs Pugh has recently been discharged home from hospital following surgical repair of a fractured tibia and fibula, the result of another 'unexplained fall' at home. Mrs Pugh has a carer who comes in daily to assist with hygiene, helping Mrs Pugh have a shower each day; she also supports Mrs Pugh with general domestic tasks. It is important to emphasise that the pair of them have developed a very good relationship. Mrs Pugh has always been a fiercely independent lady and doesn't take kindly to any, as she puts it, interference in her personal life. However, the relationship she has with her carer is very important to her. Health promotion is based on theories about what influences peoples' health and then what constitutes an effective intervention or strategy to improve health (Naidoo and Wills 1999). These theories are based on research. Research may be defined as 'any systematic information-gathering activi... ... totally irrelevant to them can lead to time wasting and frustration (Spicer 1982b). The clients' ability to learn must then be ascertained, the nurse must approach the client in a manner appropriate to the client, using language the client will understand. Finally, the nurse should assess the clients' readiness to learn. Luker and Caress (1989) emphasise that the physical and psychological consequences of ill health can affect the learning process. The client's carer and family will also require information, education and support from the nurse to enable them to provide the appropriate support for the client. The nurse may also have to make referrals to colleagues, such as the occupational therapist; so all the information should be available to other health professionals who may be involved in the clients' care.